The Truth About Your Christmas Ham

http://www.animalsaustralia.org/media/videos.php

From:
Cassie
FURocious
One Voice

The Truth About

Your Christmas Ham




What really goes into producing a Christmas ham

Secrets Revealed

Fact File



Pigs are denied the legal protection afforded to cats and dogs. Practices commonly inflicted on pigs would be cruelty offences if the victims were family pets.



Piglets have their teeth cut and tails cut off without anaesthetic—an excruciating procedure which can provoke vomiting, trembling and leg shaking.



Male piglets are routinely castrated without pain relief.



Laws permit pregnant pigs to be confined for their entire 16 week pregnancy in a metal cage called a ‘sow stall’ which is so small that they are unable to turn around.



‘Sow stalls’ have been banned on welfare grounds in Britain, Sweden and Switzerland, and are being phased out elsewhere.



Lack of exercise and standing on concrete or metal causes painful physical problems such as foot injuries, lameness, abrasions, and weakened bones and muscles.



Sows suffer chronic hunger through not being provided with adequate roughage in their diet.



Pregnant pigs are moved to a metal farrowing crate prior to giving birth that provides even less space than a sow stall. Contrary to their strong maternal instincts, they have no choice but to give birth on a hard concrete or metal floor.



The barren environment of factory farms is known to cause psychological suffering including depression in pigs due to their inability to perform natural behaviours.



The hope for a kinder future for these intelligent animals rests with each of us, and what we choose to support with our purchasing power.




It is commonly accepted that a pig

has the intelligence of a 3 year old child.

The following images are from factory farms in Australia, click to play!







It’s Christmas,

and millions of pigs around the world

are still leading lives of misery,

trapped in tiny cages so small

that they cannot even turn around.




Refuse ham this Christmas

(better yet, give it up completely)

and help end the horrific practices

of the pork industry.








Posted By: One Voice

Legal Guide for Animal Rights Activists

Moonwarriors2

POSTED BY: Mama Kimberly ♥'s animals!




Legal Guide for Animal Rights Activists

Legal Disclaimer: The information in the guide is provided by the
Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF) for educational purposes only.
It is not a substitute for professional legal advice, and legal advice
and services are not being offered.




Basic Legal Principles Applicable With Respect to Activism

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right of people to engage in non-violent speech and assembly, including demonstrations,.... even if the views they are advocating are unpopular. However, the government may impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of these rights. Keep in mind acts of violence are never protected.

Defamation, obscenity and fighting words are not protected by the First Amendment.

(a) Defamation consists of making untrue statements that damage the reputation of a person or entity. Truth is a complete defense to a claim of defamation.

(b) Fighting words are defined as personal insults (i) directed at a particular person or small group of people, (ii) inherently likely to create a violent reaction, and (iii) that play no role in the expression of ideas.

(1) Expressive conduct such as burning flags is not considered to be “fighting words,” even if the conduct seriously offends observers.

(2) However, if highly offensive words are directed at one individual and result in a fight (e.g., calling a man a lying moth**fu****), these words are fighting words not protected by the First Amendment.

The government may also impose reasonable time, place and manner restrictions on the exercise of free speech rights.

(a) These restrictions must not be based on the content of the speech.

(b) These restrictions must be limited to what is absolutely necessary to achieve a compelling governmental interest, such as protecting the public safety.

(c) These restrictions must provide sufficient alternative ways for people to communicate their message.

(d) Examples of time, place and manner restrictions: (i) an ordinance banning loud noises in residential areas during the night. (ii) an ordinance prohibiting parades on certain busy streets, and an ordinance prohibiting protests within a reasonable number of feet from locations such as hospitals, courthouses and private residences. (iii) an ordinance restricting the size of signs carried by picketers, and an ordinance restricting noise levels, in residential neighborhoods.

(e) Disorderly Conduct and Disturbing the Peace: Ordinances prohibiting disorderly conduct and disturbing the peace are generally considered to be reasonable restrictions on the exercise of First Amendment rights. These are very common charges used against demonstrators. For example, disorderly conduct may include unreasonable noise, obstructing traffic, or refusing a police order to disperse.

(f) Trespass: Trespass laws are also generally considered to be reasonable place restrictions on the exercise of First Amendment rights. Trespass laws generally forbid you from knowingly going onto private property without the consent of the owner. And if the owner asks you to leave after giving consent, you must do so immediately.

(g) Curfew laws for minors: If minors are participating in a nighttime demonstration, they may be violating curfew laws and the other demonstrators may be charged with corruption of a minor.

(h) Penalties for violation of time, place and manner restrictions may include arrest, fines and incarceration.

Right of Privacy: The First Amendment does not give an activist the right to violate someone’s right to privacy, which includes the public disclosure of private facts. For example, a website giving unlisted home phone numbers and addresses for the executives of a company that is the subject of protests may violate these executives’ right of privacy.


Planning a Demonstration

Know the law:

(a) In planning a demonstration, one of the first things you should do is to check the applicable provisions of the municipal code of the city in which your demonstration will be held. If you are planning a demonstration in a residential neighborhood, there will undoubtedly be additional restrictions on your activities. If at all possible, consult with an attorney regarding the ordinances and regulations that will apply to your demonstration.

(b) If a permit is required by the city you are in, then you should obtain one and comply with any reasonable restrictions in the permit. Many cities require permits if sound amplification equipment will be used. If you are required to obtain a permit and fail to do so, you will be probably be asked to disband, and if you fail to disband, you may be arrested.

(c) If you are planning to demonstrate in a private area open to the public, such as a shopping center, you should check with an attorney regarding your rights if the owner asks you to leave.

Attorney: If it all possible, it is a good idea to have an attorney present during your demonstration to communicate with police officers and to keep a list of individuals who may be arrested.

Videotaping: The demonstration should be videotaped by more than one person so you have a record of the actions of individuals and police officers and any incidents that may occur.

Plan ahead in case of arrest: Plan in advance what you will do in the event one or more of your group is arrested. For example, you should have plans for securing the release from jail of any arrested demonstrators, including the posting of bail. You should also have an attorney lined up to represent anyone who is arrested.


Civil Disobedience

Civil disobedience consists of the intentional violation of a law for the purpose of expressing the belief that the law is unconstitutiona....l or immoral with goal being tried to get the law changed.

There is no constitutional protection for engaging in acts of civil disobedience. Anyone who does will probably be arrested and may suffer the maximum criminal penalties for violation of the particular law.

It is an excellent idea to consult with an attorney before engaging in any act of civil disobedience, so that you understand the penalty you will be facing and you have someone ready to defend you in the event you are arrested.

As with all demonstrations,.... it is a good idea to have an attorney present during any act of civil disobedience, to keep a list of those who may be arrested, and to videotape the event, including any arrest.


Interacting with the police

There are several basic rules you should follow when interacting with the police.

(i) Do not argue with the police. (ii) Say as little as possible, which generally means say nothing other than your name if asked. Anything you say can be used against you. (iii) Do not interfere with or resist the officer, even if you think he/she is wrong. Do not run and do not touch the officer. (iv) Do not complain or tell the officer you are going to file a complaint against him/her. (v) Remember the officers’ badge and patrol car numbers and write everything down as soon as you have an opportunity. (vi) Try to find witnesses and get their names and phone numbers. (vii) If you are injured, take photos as soon as you can. These rules are discussed in greater detail below.

You should obey the instructions of the police and submit to arrest, even if you believe that you have done nothing wrong. Otherwise, you may be charged with additional crimes (e.g., resisting arrest or interfering with a peace officer), and you could be convicted of these other charges even if the other charges are dismissed. Interfering with a peace officer is typically defined to include any act designed to impair an officer’s ability to do his or her job, including the simple refusal to obey a lawful order by an officer.

Videotaping all activities, incidents and events, including arrests, is extremely important to avoid disputes about who or how injuries or property damage occurred.

When interacting with police officers, you need to be aware of your rights.

(a) When you are stopped in a car by a police officer, you must show your driver’s license, proof of insurance and registration. Additionally, police officers may ask for your name if you have been properly detained, and in some states you can be arrested for refusing to give it. However, as more fully discussed below, you otherwise do not have to answer any questions if you are detained or arrested. You should never make any statements regarding the incident. Furthermore, you do not have to consent to a search of yourself, your car or your house. Of course, if the police have a search warrant, then you must allow them to proceed. And in any event, you should never interfere with or obstruct the police, since you could be arrested for it. If the police are doing anything that violates your rights, your remedy is to file a complaint with the Internal Affairs Division of the police department or the Civilian Complaint Board, or, if you are arrested and charged with a crime, to challenge the officers’ actions in court.

(b) If you are detained by police officers, your 5th Amendment right not to incriminate yourself, including your rights under the Miranda decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, come into play. This means that before a police officer asks you any questions other than questions seeking biographical information such as name and address, the officer must give you the following Miranda warnings: (i) that you have the right to remain silent, (ii) that anything you say may be used against you in court; (iii) that you have the right to consult with an attorney and to have that attorney present during questioning, and (iv) that, if you cannot afford to hire an attorney, one will be provided at no cost to represent you. Do not talk to the police under these circumstances. Insist on seeing an attorney. Often, police officers will attempt to get you to talk by saying that things will be better for you if you talk, promising to try to help you if you talk, or making other statements to show affinity with you or your cause. Statements of this type are generally not true, and you should not be induced to talk by such statements or promises made by police officers. People charged with crimes almost always hurt their case by talking to the police.

(c) If you are arrested, ask to speak to a lawyer at the first available opportunity. Do not tell the police anything other than your name and address without a lawyer. Within a reasonable time after your arrest, you have the right to make a local phone call. Hopefully, you will have planned in advance to call a particular attorney, but if not, call someone who can help you post bail and get an attorney to represent you. You must be taken before a judge on the first court day following your arrest, at which time your attorney can ask for you to be released without bail or at least to have your bail lowered. Speak to a lawyer before making any decisions regarding your case.

Demonstrators should obey any court orders restricting their activities, even if they believe the court is wrong. An unlawful court order may be challenged through the judicial process, but it should not simply be ignored.


Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act

The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (“AETA”) makes it a crime designated as “terrorism” to damage or interfere with an animal enterprise by (i) intentionally damaging property of either an animal enterprise or anyone with an animal enterprise; (ii) intentionally placing a person or a member of their immediate family in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury through threats, vandalism, property damage, criminal trespass, harassment, or intimidation; or (iii) conspiring or attempting to do any of the above.

Intentionally damaging other’s doing business with an animal enterprise: In addition to targeting activity against an animal enterprise, defined as any business that uses or sells animals or animal products, AETA also targets activity against any person or company that does business with any animal enterprise.

Intentionally placing a person or his/her family member in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury through a course of conduct of threats, vandalism, property damage, criminal trespass, harassment or intimidation: Again, this language is very broad and could cover protests outside the home or office of an executive by people wearing masks as part of a nationwide campaign to get a company to stop testing on animals. It could also cover investigations by activists who enter a facility on false pretenses (arguably criminal trespass) or by breaking locks (which could constitute property damage) to film animal suffering. Under AETA, these types of conduct could be prosecuted as terrorism.

Penalties for Non-Violent Violation of AETA: Under AETA, the penalty for non-violent action that causes damage of up to $10,000 is a fine or imprisonment of up to one year or both. Thus, non-violent civil disobedience may constitute “terrorism” under AETA and result in an activist spending a year in prison. The penalties increase from there.

First Amendment “Protections”: Under AETA, the definition of “economic damage” “does not include any lawful economic disruption such as a lawful boycott based on the disclosure of information regarding an animal enterprise.” Additionally, AETA states that it does not prohibit expressive conduct protected by the First Amendment. This is entirely meaningless, since any legislation that violates the First Amendment is invalid, whether or not it says so.

SOURCE
Show All Bulletins Mama Kimberly ♥'s animals Has Posted

Why go vegan?

Thank you
~Vegan Adventurer






Veganism (pronounced VEE-gun-ism) may be defined as a way of living which seeks to exclude, as far as possible and practical, all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose. In dietary terms it refers to the practice of dispensing with all animal produce-​.​.​.​.​including meat, fish, poultry, eggs, animal milks, honey, and their derivatives. In terms of clothing, the wearing of such items as leather, suede, wool, fur etc. would not be acceptable.



Animals raised for human consumption and use suffer tremendously in today’s factory farms and the person who chooses a vegan diet demonstrates a concern for the pain animals endure. Farmed animals are bred, fed, confined, and drugged to lay more eggs, birth more offspring, and die with more meat on their bones at the expense of their health, wellbeing and social development.

The belief that eating eggs or drinking milk doesn’t kill animals is false. Commercially-​.​.​.​.​raised dairy cows and egg laying chickens, whether “free range” or factory-​.​.​.​.​farmed,​ are slaughtered when their production rates decrease. The factory farm methods that are used to produce most meats are also used to produce eggs and milk. The animals are seen not as individuals, sentient beings with unique physical and psychological needs but as a means to an end- eggs, milk, meat, leather, and so on.



The question is not, can they reason?
Nor can they talk? But can they suffer?
Jeremy Bentham

Sentient Beings
Chickens are very interesting animals. They are thought to be as intelligent as cats, and dogs. They have cultural knowledge that is passed down from generation to generation and they learn from watching each other.

Pigs are insightful and curious and are thought to have intelligence beyond that of a 3 year-old human child. They are even smarter than dogs! Pigs are extremely friendly, loyal, and affectionate animals.

Cows are intelligent creatures who enjoy solving problems. Cows have been known to do some amazing things such as walking 7 miles to be reunited with a calf after being sold at auction, leaping over a 6-foot fence to escape a slaughterhouse,..​.​.​.​.​ and swimming across a river to their freedom.

Turkeys are playful birds who enjoy being social and being in the company of others. They love having their feathers stroked and like to chirp, cluck, and gobble. They have tons of character and are very aware of their surroundings.

Animal Agriculture
Agribusiness considers farm animals products and tools of production, rather than as living, feeling animals. This attitude has resulted in the commodification..​.​.​.​.​ of sentient beings and the prevalence of animal cruelty on industrialized factory farms. The statements below prove this attitude. Click here to read more about Factory Farming.

Free Range
The United States Department of Agriculture, which regulates free-range products for labeling purposes, relies upon the producer's word that the farm animals are indeed free range. A farmer could therefore label a product "free-range" when in fact it is not. Moreover, there are very few requirements for labeling products "free range." For instance, birds raised for meat may be called "free-range" if they have some sort of access to the outdoors, regardless of how much space each individual animal has. Free-range farm hens are unable to lay enough eggs to be considered profitable after one or two years. They are then typically sold to slaughterhouses..​.​.​.​.​ or live-poultry markets. As on factory farms, free range, male chicks are considered worthless: at birth, they are dumped into trash cans and suffocated, ground up alive, or sold to laboratories. And like factory farm animals, when free range animals are no longer productive, in other words, when they are no longer profitable, they are killed.



Humans do not need to eat meat, dairy, or eggs; all of our dietary needs can easily be met with an animal-free diet. People who consume animal products are more susceptible to cancer, stroke, obesity, appendicitis, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, and food poisoning. Vegan diets, on the other hand, tend to be high in fiber and low in fat and cholesterol. On average, vegetarians live seven years longer than meat-eaters. 80 to 90% of all cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other degenerative illnesses can be prevented, at least until very old age, with a plant-based diet.



Vegetarian diets are associated with a reduced risk
for obesity, coronary artery disease, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, colorectal cancer, lung cancer,
and kidney disease.
American Dietary Association

Cancer
Humans that eat meat are 40% more likely to get cancer than those that don’t eat meat.

95% of human exposure to dioxin, a probable cause of cancer and other health risks, comes through meat, fish and dairy consumption.

The rate of colon cancer is highest in regions where meat consumption is higher.

The EPA estimates that fish can accumulate up to nine million times the level of cancer-causing polychlorinated..​.​.​.​.​ biphenals found in the water in which they live.

Heart Disease
Heart attacks kill more than 500,000 people a year- more than any other disease; 4,000 Americans suffer heart attacks every day. People who eat meat are at least 30% more likely to die of a heart attack than vegetarians.

Plants contain antioxidants which help prevent clogged arteries. The artery-​.​.​.​.​clogging process can be reversed without drugs by adopting a vegetarian diet.

A vegetarian diet can prevent 97% of coronary occlusions.

The vegetarian diet’s high fiber level helps cleanse away excess cholesterol in the digestive tract.

Osteoporsis
Diets rich in animal protein cause people to excrete more calcium than normal through their urine, thereby increasing the risk of osteoporosis.

A plant-based diet, which provides sufficient amounts of protein and calcium through the consumption of leafy green vegetables, beans, and fortified fruit juices, can help protect against osteoporosis.

Prostate Problems
The right vegetarian diet can reduce the hormonal stimulation of the prostate and prevent both prostate enlargement and prostate cancer. Recent studies have linked eating meat to impotence.

Food Poisoning
Approximately 9,000 Americans die annually from food-borne illness while an estimated 80 million others fall ill from it.

The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that up to 40% of poultry sold in the U.S. is infected with salmonella bacteria.

Approximately 30% of all pork products are contaminated by toxoplasmosis.

The USDA’s meat inspection system remains grossly inadequate, and consumers are now being told to “expect” animal products to be tainted.

The pesticides and other chemicals found in meat are up to 14 times more concentrated than those in plant foods. This concentration contributes to the 60-70% of food poisonings that are linked to meat intake.

Medication
Animals can only survive the overcrowding, squalor, and stress of the factory farm with medication. Thus many are given antibiotics which in turn find their way into streams and rivers and to consumers who eat the animals or their products. Sulfamethazine,..​.​.​.​.​ for example, is routinely given to pigs in spite of being a known carcinogen. Most meat in U.S. slaughterhouses..​.​.​.​.​ is never tested for drug and chemical deposits.



Raising animals for food is an extremely inefficient way to feed the ever-growing human population. Animal agriculture uses up enormous quantities of fossil fuels, water, and other resources contributing greatly to global warming. They are filled with noxious fumes, dust, bacteria, and decaying feces, all of which they release into the environment. Animal wastes carry pesticides, bacteria and viruses; the wastes pollute drinking water with high levels of nitrates which can potentially be fatal to infants.



Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on earth as much as the evolution to a vegetarian diet.
Albert Einstein

Animal Agriculture and Global Warming
Global warming is an increase in the Earth's temperature caused by human activities, such as burning coal, oil and natural gas. This releases carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases form a blanket around the Earth, trapping heat and raising temperatures on the ground. This is steadily changing our climate.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reported in 2006 that “Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most serious environmental problems.” Animal agriculture pollutes water, air and soil and contributes more greenhouse gases than all cars and trucks in the world combined.

Animal Agriculture and Natural Resources
One acre of pasture produces an average of 165 pounds of beef; the same acre can produce 20,000 pounds of potatoes.

It takes 2,500 gallons of water to produce one pound of meat. Between 70-90% of all U.S. grain is fed to farmed animals bred and raised for slaughter.

The U.S. livestock population consumes enough grain and soybeans to feed more than 5 times the entire U.S. population.

The world’s cattle alone consume a quantity of food equal to the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people – more than the entire human population on earth.

If Americans reduced their meat consumption by 10%, it would free 12 million tons of grain annually for human consumption. That alone would be enough to feed each of the 60 million people who starve to death each year.

87% of all agricultural land in the U.S. is used to raise animals for food.

About 260 million acres of U.S. forest have been cleared to create cropland to produce our meat-centered diet.

Producing one hamburger uses enough fossil fuel to drive a small car 20 miles.

Nearly 40% of all Central American rainforests were destroyed to create pasture for beef cattle. The rainforests are the primary source of oxygen for the entire planet.

55 square feet of rainforest may be razed to produce just one quarter-pound burger.

Environmental Damage Caused by Factory Farms
Habitat loss
Biodiversity loss
Ecosystem damage and destruction
Growth of pathogenic organisms
Rangeland degradation
Topsoil erosion
Global warming
Formation of noxious oxide
Release of large quantities of methane
Ammonia emissions
Spreading of nitrates in groundwater
Crop contamination
Groundwater contamination (because the soil cannot assimilate all of the animal waste)
Wildlife killed by the government and by farm operators

Source: LCA

Swine Flu Linked to Industrialized Animal Production

By Marie Oser ecomii.com
June 25, 2009
File under: Environmental Concerns, Public Health

On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 in response to the ongoing global spread of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus.
A Phase 6 designation indicates that a global pandemic is underway.¹ The WHO designation of a pandemic alert Phase 6 reflects the fact that there are now ongoing community level outbreaks in multiple parts of world. The 1918 flu epidemic was the last major global pandemic and killed 20 to 50 million people.
Modern agriculture and industrialized animal production has had a dramatic impact on society, human health and the environment.
Public interest groups like the Organic Consumers Association and the Humane Society of the United States have been warning consumers for years about how the intensive confinement in factory farms could incubate deadly viruses. The horrific conditions inherent in factory farms make the inevitability of setting off a deadly epidemic only a matter of time.²
According to the Environmental Protection Agency these concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) confine thousands of animals in a single facility and generate 300 million tons of waste annually.
The waste is funneled into massive lagoons that emit ammonia, toxic hydrogen sulfide and methane gases. These cesspools often break, leak or overflow, sending dangerous microbes, nitrate pollution and drug resistant bacteria into our water supplies. What’s more, the farms often spray the manure onto land, ostensibly as fertilizer.
About 40 percent of the world’s grain harvest is fed to animals. Cattle are ruminants uniquely suited to eat grass. Beef and dairy cattle fed on grain, have unnaturally acidic stomachs. This diet promotes rapid weight gain and creates an ideal environment for a particularly virulent, acid loving strain of bacteria, E. coli O157 to thrive.
In 2003, The Journal of Dairy Science reported that up to 80 percent of dairy cattle carry E. coli O157.³  It is the infected manure from these grain-fed cattle that contaminates the groundwater and spreads the bacteria to produce, like spinach growing on neighboring farms.4
A dangerous and rapidly spreading strain of influenza, which combines genetic material from pigs, birds and humans in a way researchers have not seen before, has killed at least 167 people and been confirmed in nearly 40,000 globally.
The new strain of H1N1 flu is causing “something different” to happen in the United States this year, an extended year-round flu season that disproportionately hits young people.
The United States has been hardest hit, with upwards of 100,000 likely cases, with 44 deaths and 1,600 hospitalized. “The fact that we are seeing ongoing transmission now indicates that we are seeing something different,” the CDC’s Dr. Daniel Jernigan told a news briefing.
According to Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM),a research and advocacy group in Washington, DC, the link to animal industries is undeniable.
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that one-third to one-half of pigs on modern farms have antibody evidence of the H1N1 virus. This is due to the fact that overcrowded pig farms create the perfect reservoir for this virus to replicate, creating new and more deadly strains. Once a pathogen emerges it is then spread by farm workers and the transport of livestock.
Without CAFO pig farms there would be no swine flu epidemic. According to PCRM, the typical American consumes more than 200 pounds of meat a year, including a significant amount of pork.
A collective shift away from meaty diets could help eliminate the farms that breed infectious disease. Meatless meals would also dramatically decrease obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.

1. Statements by HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius and DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano on WHO Decision to Declare Novel H1N1 Virus Outbreak a Pandemic http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/statement061109.htm
2. Livestock’s long shadow, Environmental issues and options
   By H. Steinfeld, P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, C. de Haan - 2006, 390 pp
3. T. R. Callaway, R. O. Elder, J. E. Keen, R. C. Anderson, and D. J. Nisbet. Forage Feeding to Reduce Preharvest Escherichia coli Populations in Cattle, a Review J. Dairy Sci. 2003; 86:852-860
4. S. A. Bradford, E. Segal, W. Zheng, Q. Wang, and S. R. Hutchins.
   Reuse of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation Wastewater on Agricultural Lands
   J. Environ. Qual., September 2, 2008; 37(5_Supplement): S-97 - S-115.